Biological Removal of Dyes from Wastewater: A Review of Its Efficiency and Advances

Biological removal of dyes has been advocated due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and low operational requirements in comparison physicochemical methods treating dye effluents. This paper aims compare the efficiency biological using bacteria, algae, fungi, including yeasts, besides presenting recent advances field. reviewed scholarly articles published mainly between 2010 2021. It found bacteria could degrade a myriad dyes. Different same with different efficiencies. Similarly, one bacterial species multiple varying Though regarded as having faster rate biodegradation than this review finds have comparable performance fungi decolorizing dyes, it is worth mentioning that few yeast were reported very high Mixed or bacteria-fungus cultures generally better dye-decolorizing pure cultures. Algae relatively lower might require longer contact time. New such genetic engineering well immobilization microorganisms enzymes improve biodegradation. Nonetheless, before can be feasibly applied, there are limitations need overcome. Major include inconsistent various organisms dyes; complexity optimization; inability completely decolorize potential formation toxic by-products upon decolorization safety concerns materials; cost technical feasibility significance highlighting important bottlenecks current technology, which pave way for breakthroughs domain research.